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Sexting Laws in North Carolina: What You Need to Know Before It Becomes a Felony

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In North Carolina, "sexting" is not a specific legal term found in the criminal code. Instead, the state relies on aggressive felony sexual exploitation of a minor statutes—the same laws used to prosecute high-level child pornography cases. This means that a single digital image involving anyone under the age of 18 can instantly transition from a "teen mistake" into a Class C, E, or H felony.

Understanding this distinction is critical for parents, teenagers, and adults alike. Under N.C.G.S. § 14-190.16 and § 14-190.17, prosecutors do not distinguish between "consensual sexting" and exploitation. If a minor is depicted, the law treats the creation, possession, or distribution of that image as a serious sex offense.

What Charges Can Sexting Lead To in North Carolina?

Because North Carolina has no standalone "sexting" statute, law enforcement utilizes the state's three-tiered sexual exploitation of a minor system. These charges are governed by N.C.G.S. § 14-190.16 through § 14-190.17A.

All three tiers are classified as felonies, and the specific charge depends on whether the material was produced, distributed, or simply possessed.

The Three-Tiered Felony System for Digital Images

1. First-Degree Sexual Exploitation (Production)

  • Statute: N.C.G.S. § 14-190.16
  • Conduct: Producing or facilitating sexually explicit material involving a minor. This includes taking a photo of a minor or convincing a minor to take one.
  • Classification: Class C or D Felony.
  • Sentence: 38 to 182 months in state prison.

2. Second-Degree Sexual Exploitation (Distribution)

  • Statute: N.C.G.S. § 14-190.17
  • Conduct: Distributing, sending, or receiving sexually explicit digital images of a minor.
  • Classification: Class E Felony.
  • Sentence: 15 to 63+ months in state prison.

3. Third-Degree Sexual Exploitation (Possession)

  • Statute: N.C.G.S. § 14-190.17A
  • Conduct: Simply possessing an image of a minor on a phone, cloud account, or device.
  • Classification: Class H Felony.
  • Sentence: 5 to 29 months in state prison.

Critical Sentencing and Legal Facts

Fact CategoryData & Consequences
Incarceration Rate100% of defendants convicted of Class B1 through D felony sex offenses in FY 2024 received active prison time (per the NC Sentencing Commission).
Case DurationHigh-level sex offense cases carry a median timeline of 30 months from charge to sentencing.
"Mistake of Age"Legally not a defense. The state only needs to prove you knew the content of the image, not the age of the person in it.

The "Knowing" Requirement

Under North Carolina law, the "knowing" element refers to the defendant's knowledge of the character or content of the material. This creates a high burden for the defense, as prosecutors do not have to prove that the defendant intended to exploit a child—only that they knowingly possessed or sent the digital file.

Three panels outline first second and third degree sexual exploitation involving creating sharing or possessing images

Can a Teenager Be Charged With a Felony for Sexting?

Yes. North Carolina law permits minors to be prosecuted under these same sexual exploitation statutes — including for images they created of themselves.

A 16- or 17-year-old who takes a sexually explicit selfie and sends it to a boyfriend or girlfriend can be charged with both producing and distributing sexually explicit material involving a minor. The minor in the image and the person facing charges are the same person. The recipient — even if they are the same age and in a consensual relationship — can be charged with possession.

North Carolina has limited close-in-age protections for certain sexual contact offenses. For example, N.C.G.S. § 14-202.2 creates a separate Class 1 misdemeanor for indecent liberties when the defendant is under 16 and the child is at least three years younger. But no equivalent protection exists for sexting. There is no Romeo-and-Juliet exception, no diversion program written into the exploitation statutes, and no reduced charge category for consensual image-sharing between teenagers.

Whether a teenager is actually charged as an adult, handled in the juvenile system, or diverted depends heavily on prosecutorial discretion. That discretion varies by county, by district attorney, and by the specific facts of the case. It is exactly why early legal intervention matters. The difference between a juvenile petition and an adult felony prosecution is not automatic. It is negotiated.

Lady justice silhouette with arrows explains teens can face felony sexting charges consent does not prevent charges

What About Adults Involved in Sexting With Someone Under 18?

When an adult sends or receives sexually explicit images involving a minor, the risk is greater and the charging options multiply.

Beyond the sexual exploitation charges described above, an adult who uses a phone, computer, or any electronic device to solicit a minor for sexual purposes can also face charges under N.C.G.S. § 14-202.3 — solicitation of a child by computer or electronic device. This is a Class H felony, increasing to a Class G felony if either party appears at a proposed meeting location.

Several features of this statute make it particularly aggressive. The offense is complete upon solicitation — no meeting has to occur, no sexual act has to take place, and there does not have to be an actual minor on the other end of the conversation. If the defendant believed the person was underage, that belief alone is enough for a conviction.

NC appellate courts have applied broad interpretation to the terms "entice," "advise," "coerce," "order," and "command." Law enforcement sting operations using fictional minors are specifically allowed under the statute.

The defendant must be at least 16 years old and at least five years older than the believed minor for this statute to apply. But when it does apply, it stacks on top of any exploitation charges — meaning a single sexting exchange can produce multiple felony counts.

North Carolina's enforcement resources reflect how seriously the state treats these cases. The NC SBI Computer Crimes Unit coordinates a task force of more than 200 law enforcement agencies across the state. The unit has 17 full-time special agents stationed across eight field districts dedicated exclusively to investigating internet crimes against children. Nationally, the CyberTipline operated by the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children received 20.5 million reports of suspected child sexual exploitation in 2024 alone. These reports routinely generate referrals to state and local agencies, including North Carolina law enforcement.

Balanced scales between panels explain high felony risk and aggressive enforcement for adults sexting with minors

How Does North Carolina Compare to Other States?

Many states have enacted laws that specifically address teen sexting — reducing charges to misdemeanors, creating diversion programs, or distinguishing consensual image-sharing between peers from exploitative conduct involving adults. North Carolina has not.

The lack of a teen sexting statute means North Carolina prosecutors have only two options when a sexting case involving minors crosses their desk: charge it as a felony under the exploitation statutes or decline to prosecute entirely. There is no middle-ground charging option built into the law.

This gap places enormous weight on how a case is handled before formal charges are filed. In states with dedicated sexting laws, the statute itself provides a pathway to appropriate outcomes. In North Carolina, that pathway has to be built by the defense attorney and the prosecutor on a case-by-case basis. That makes the quality of legal representation one of the most important factors in how a sexting case ends.

Numbered list with gavel icons explains no specific teen sexting law all or nothing charging and discretion reliance

How Can a Defense Attorney Fight Sexting Charges?

Sexting cases prosecuted under North Carolina's exploitation statutes carry severe penalties. However, these cases present specific technical and procedural pressure points that a defense attorney can challenge to protect a client’s rights.

1. Challenging "Knowing" Possession

The prosecution must prove you knowingly possessed the material. In the digital age, images are frequently:

  • Automatically downloaded by messaging apps (e.g., WhatsApp or Telegram).
  • Cached by web browsers without direct user action.
  • Stored in cloud backups (i.e., iCloud or Google Photos) that a user may never have opened.
  • Placed on a shared device by another individual.

A forensic analysis of metadata, timestamps, and file access logs can often establish that a user never intentionally saved, viewed, or interacted with the material in question.

2. Challenging the Search of Digital Devices

Law enforcement generally cannot search a cell phone incident to arrest without a warrant.

  • Particularity: The warrant must specifically authorize a forensic examination.
  • Scope: If police exceeded the scope of the warrant or accessed cloud data without separate authorization, the evidence may be subject to suppression (exclusion from trial).

3. Reviewing Investigative Conduct and Entrapment

In digital sting operations conducted under N.C.G.S. § 14-202.3, the defense may look for evidence of entrapment. This requires showing government inducement and a lack of predisposition by the defendant.

Under N.C.G.S. § 15A-905(c), written notice of an entrapment defense must be filed within 20 working days of the trial setting date, making early legal intervention vital.

4. Negotiating Charge Reductions or Diversion

For cases involving teenagers or first-time offenders, counsel may negotiate for:

  • Reduced Charges: Moving a felony down to a misdemeanor level.
  • Juvenile Handling: Keeping the case in the juvenile system to avoid adult criminal records.
  • Alternative Outcomes: Seeking paths that avoid mandatory Sex Offender Registration.

Strategic Defense Data

North Carolina Legal Reality
Plea Rate98% of felony convictions in NC result from guilty pleas. The strength of the defense determines the terms of that plea.
Trial RateThe jury trial rate for serious sex offenses is 15%—the highest of any felony class, reflecting how aggressively these cases are contested.
Critical WindowPre-charge negotiation options often disappear once a case is formally indicted or moved to adult court.
Legal icons with list show defenses including challenging possession searches investigation and negotiating reductions

Why Families Choose Patrick Roberts for Sex Offense Cases in North Carolina

When facing charges that carry mandatory prison time and registration, the quality of legal representation is the most significant factor in the trajectory of a case. Attorney Patrick Roberts has defended clients against sex offense allegations across North Carolina for more than two decades.

The Value of Prosecutorial Perspective

Patrick Roberts served as an Assistant District Attorney in Wake, Johnston, and New Hanover counties. This background provides an inside look at how the state:

  • Evaluates the credibility of digital evidence.
  • Determines whether to elevate a charge to a higher felony tier.
  • Approaches plea negotiations in sensitive sex offense matters.

This experience allows for an informed anticipation of the prosecution's strategy throughout the investigative and trial phases.

Credentials and Professional Standing

Attorney Roberts’ credentials reflect a commitment to rigorous trial advocacy and ethical practice:

  • Legal Education: Graduate of Duke University School of Law (Top 9 best criminal law program) and The Johns Hopkins University (Top 7 rank in National Universities).
  • Advanced Advocacy Training: Alumnus of the Gerry Spence Trial Lawyers College and the NCDC Trial Practice Institute, including the 2025 Cross-Examination Intensive.
  • Lifetime member of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL)
  • Highest Peer Ratings: Holds the AV Preeminent® rating from Martindale-Hubbell (2026)—the highest possible peer-reviewed honor for legal ability and ethics.
  • National Recognition: The only North Carolina attorney listed on the National Child Abuse Defense & Resource Center (as of 2026).
  • Federal Authority: Admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court and the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals.

Recent Cases

Attorney Patrick Roberts has successfully* resolved high-stakes allegations, preventing formal charges from being filed in complex criminal investigations:

  • 2025 | Allegation of Sexual Assault: Investigated claim of molestation by a stepfather against a child under 13.
    • Result: No Charges Filed.*
  • 2025 | Allegation of Sexual Assault: Investigated claim of sexual touching by a 15-year-old teenager.
    • Result: No Charges Filed.*
  • 2026 | Allegation of Rape: Investigated claim of rape following a meeting at a bar.
    • Result: No Charges Filed.*

*Disclaimer: Each case is different and must be evaluated separately. Prior results achieved do not guarantee similar results can be achieved in future cases.

Peer Endorsement

"Patrick is an experienced and knowledgeable criminal attorney. I highly recommend him if you're seeking competent and professional representation in a state or federal criminal matter." — Martindale-Hubbell Verified Peer Endorsement

Client Review

"Patrick was professional, honest, and the best lawyer I could have asked for during a very tough situation. Throughout the process, he remained a constant calm and reassuring presence during a challenging time in my life. His guidance and dedication made a difficult experience much more manageable. " —Verified Avvo Client Review

Disclaimer:The testimonials are actual comments. Every case is different and depends on its own unique facts and legal circumstances. These results are illustrative of the matters the firm handles but do not guarantee, warrant, or predict a similar outcome in your legal matter.

Attorney illustration highlights experience credibility and defense strength for North Carolina sex offense cases

Talk to a North Carolina Sexting Defense Attorney Now

Allegations involving digital media or physical contact move rapidly through the North Carolina justice system. The strategy implemented in the first few days of an investigation often determines whether a case ends in a felony conviction or is dismissed before reaching a courtroom.

Contact Patrick Roberts Law for a private case evaluation in Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill, or Cary.

The firm limits the number of active cases it accepts. This ensures that every client receives the exhaustive forensic and procedural review necessary to challenge the state's technical proof.

Open law book and gavel emphasize urgent legal help for sexting accusations and early decisions shaping outcomes

Disclaimer: The information on this website is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice for any individual case or situation. Contacting us via this website, email, or contact form does not create an attorney-client relationship. Each case is different and must be evaluated separately; prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome.

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For individuals navigating state charges, felony classifications, or registry exposure, he provides the interactive North Carolina Sex-Offense Search Tool to help evaluate charge severity and statutory penalties. For confidential legal consultations regarding criminal matters in Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill, or throughout North Carolina, contact Patrick Roberts Law at ( 919) 746-7206 or visit patrickroberts.law. Legal Disclaimer This content is provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal advice. Reading this information or contacting the firm does not create an attorney-client relationship.

Gloved hand holding a bag of meth introduces North Carolina meth intent-to-distribute charges.

Possession of Meth With Intent to Distribute in North Carolina: What the Charge Really Means

In North Carolina, what people call "possession of meth with intent to distribute" is charged as possession with intent to sell or deliver methamphetamine — PWISD for short. It falls under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-95(a)(1), and it's a Class H felony. But the single fact that changes everything is weight. At 28 grams, the same meth stops being a PWISD case and becomes trafficking. Trafficking carries mandatory prison time, no matter who you are. more This article breaks down what the state actually has to prove, how "intent" gets established when nothing was ever sold, the line between simple possession, intent to sell, and trafficking, how much prison time is really on the table, and the specific ways these cases get dismissed, suppressed, or knocked down to something smaller. Is "possession of meth with intent to distribute" the same as what I'm charged with in North Carolina? Almost certainly, yes — "intent to distribute" is federal and everyday language for what North Carolina calls possession with intent to sell or deliver a controlled substance. The charge lives in § 90-95(a)(1), and under § 90-95(b)(1), PWISD meth is a Class H felony. Here's the first thing worth holding onto: a charge is an accusation, not a conviction. The label on the paperwork is the prosecutor's opening position, not the final answer. Drug cases are also not rare or exotic in this state. Non-trafficking drug offenses were the single largest category of felony convictions in North Carolina in FY2024, about 30% of all of them. Prosecutors handle these constantly, which means there are well-worn paths to reducing and beating them, too. What decides your outcome is the machinery underneath the charge — the proof, the weight, and the search — not the scary phrase at the top of the page. How do  prosecutors establish "Intent to Sell or Deliver" without a completed sale Under North Carolina law (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-95(a)(1)), a person can be charged with Possession with Intent to Sell or Deliver (PWISD) even if no actual transaction occurred. Because direct evidence of intent is rarely available, prosecutors rely on circumstantial evidence to convince a jury that the drugs were meant for distribution rather than personal use. Circumstantial Factors Used to Infer Intent Prosecutors typically present a combination of surrounding facts to infer distribution intent, including: Quantity: Possessing an amount exceeding what a typical user retains for personal consumption. Packaging: Drugs divided into multiple individual baggies or uniform units rather than kept in a single bulk container. Paraphernalia Associated with Distribution: The presence of digital scales, measuring spoons, cutting agents, or unused packaging materials. Currency: Carrying large amounts of cash, particularly in small, organized denominations. Electronic Communications: Text messages, call logs, or social media records that reference prices, meeting locations, or transaction terms. Absence of Personal-Use Paraphernalia: The lack of pipes, syringes, or other consumption items, which prosecutors argue indicates the substance was not intended for personal consumption. Challenging Circumstantial Evidence of Intent Because an intent charge relies on inferences rather than direct proof, every piece of circumstantial evidence can be challenged, reinterpreted, or subjected to evidentiary objections. Common defense strategies include establishing alternative, non-distribution explanations for the state's evidence: Cash: Demonstrating that currency originated from legitimate sources, such as employment wages, bank withdrawals, or rental payments. Packaging: Showing that drugs were purchased in pre-packaged quantities from a seller rather than packaged by the defendant for resale. Quantity: Presenting evidence consistent with bulk purchasing for personal use to reduce costs or minimize trips. Dismantling even one or two of the state's primary circumstantial factors can significantly weaken a PWISD charge, creating leverage to seek a charge reduction to simple possession or a dismissal of the intent element prior to trial. What's the difference between simple possession, intent to sell, and trafficking meth? These are three separate charges with three very different consequences. Which one you actually face turns on the evidence and the weight — not just on what the officer wrote down. Getting moved from one tier to the next is often the whole ballgame. Simple possession of meth — having it for personal use, with no evidence of intent to sell. Under § 90-95(d)(2), possession of methamphetamine is a Class I felony. Possession with intent to sell or deliver (PWISD) — possession plus the circumstantial intent evidence described above. Under § 90-95(b)(1), this is a Class H felony — one step up. Trafficking meth — triggered purely by weight, 28 grams or more, regardless of whether you ever intended to sell anything. This is where the penalties jump dramatically. Notice the fork. The gap between simple possession (Class I) and PWISD (Class H) is fought over intent — the softer, more contestable evidence. The gap between PWISD and trafficking is fought over weight — a number on a lab report. That difference in what has to be proven is exactly what a defense strategy is organized around. At what point does a meth charge become "trafficking" — and why does that change everything? The moment the alleged amount hits 28 grams, meth becomes trafficking under § 90-95(h)(3b). At that point intent stops mattering, because trafficking is measured by weight alone. This is the most important threshold in the entire statute. It's why the number on the state's scale can matter more than anything you said or did. The meth trafficking tiers run like this: 28 grams to under 200 grams — Class F felony, mandatory 70 to 93 months and a fine of at least $50,000 200 grams to under 400 grams — Class E felony, mandatory 90 to 120 months and a fine of at least $100,000 400 grams or more — Class C felony, mandatory 225 to 282 months and a fine of at least $250,000 What makes trafficking far worse than PWISD is the word mandatory. North Carolina's trafficking tiers are fixed by drug weight and apply regardless of your prior record level. A first-time offender and someone with a long history draw the same minimum. There's generally no probation and no suspended sentence at these levels. Trafficking is also common enough in this state to be taken seriously: North Carolina courts recorded 638 drug-trafficking convictions in FY2024. All of which is why fighting the weight — the reliability of the measurement, what got included in it, the lab's methods — is often the single highest-value thing a defense can do. How much prison time am I actually facing? It depends entirely on which of the three charges sticks and, for the non-trafficking charges, on your prior record. So the honest answer is that the range is wide and heavily influenceable. That's good news, because it means the sentence is not fixed the day you're charged. For PWISD meth as a Class H felony and simple possession as a Class I felony, North Carolina uses structured sentencing. That system sets the punishment according to the offense class and your prior record level. Someone with no record is in a very different position from someone with a long one. These classes also carry real room for outcomes short of lengthy active prison time. Because prior record drives the number, mitigating and negotiating around it is a core part of the work. For trafficking, the math flips. The mandatory minimums above are locked to weight and ignore your record entirely. That's exactly why keeping a case below the trafficking line, or below a higher trafficking tier, can be worth years of someone's life. The difference between 27 grams and 28 grams is the difference between a contestable Class H felony and a mandatory 70-month sentence. Can a meth intent-to-sell charge be beaten or reduced? Yes — these cases are dismissed, suppressed, and reduced regularly. They depend on evidence that is often gathered in legally vulnerable ways, or built on inferences that don't hold up. No lawyer can promise a result, but there are real, recurring levers. The stop or search was illegal Most drug evidence comes from a traffic stop, a search of a car, a home, or a person. If the stop wasn't lawful, the search exceeded its bounds, or the warrant was defective, your attorney may move to suppress that evidence. If the drugs are kept out, the case can collapse with them. This is often the highest-impact challenge in a meth case. What if the intent evidence is weak? Because intent is circumstantial, it's contestable. If the state's "dealer" story rests on ambiguous packaging, a debatable quantity, or cash with an innocent explanation, that supports knocking PWISD down to simple possession. That drops the charge from a Class H to a Class I felony. Can the weight or lab work be challenged? The 28-gram trafficking line makes measurement everything. The composition of what was weighed, the accuracy and calibration of the testing, and the State Crime Laboratory's chain of custody and analysis can all be contested. Pulling a case below a weight threshold can move it out of trafficking entirely. The drugs weren't really "yours" Sometimes meth is found in a shared car, a shared home, or a space others had access to — rather than physically on you. In those situations, whether the drugs were really yours to control can be genuinely contested. Being near drugs that others could access is not the same as possessing them, and these cases can turn on that distinction. One piece of realism to plan around: the overwhelming majority of felony convictions in North Carolina — about 98% — come from guilty pleas, not trials. That's not a reason to give up; it's the reason skilled negotiation matters so much. Suppression motions, weaknesses in intent, and weight challenges are the leverage that turns a bad plea into a good one — or into a dismissal. What should I do in the next few days — and how does a former prosecutor help? The early days shape the case, so the priorities are simple: Stop talking about the case — not to police, not over jail phones, not on social media. The state builds intent out of statements, and silence protects you. Get counsel involved immediately — early enough to preserve evidence, address custody and release, and open negotiations before an indictment locks the case in. Write down everything you remember about the stop, the search, and who had access to the location. The details that fuel suppression and possession defenses fade fast. Moving quickly also matters because the process is long and often carries pretrial custody. Here's the reality: in FY2019, superior court felonies took a median of about 259 days — roughly eight and a half months — to resolve. And as of 2015, 82% of the people in North Carolina jails were awaiting trial rather than serving a sentence. That's a long time to be fighting from behind, and a reason to have an advocate working on release and strategy from day one. Review Your Legal Options with Attorney Patrick Roberts Patrick Roberts is a former Assistant District Attorney who prosecuted cases in Wake, Johnston, and New Hanover counties and has more than 24 years of experience in criminal law. That matters here specifically: he has built the exact intent-and-weight cases the state is now trying to build against you, so he knows how prosecutors decide a case is "dealing" rather than personal use, where their circumstantial theories are thinnest, and how lab weight and chain-of-custody get challenged from the inside. With offices in Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill, and Cary, the firm handles meth PWISD and trafficking cases across the Triangle and North Carolina. Attorney Patrick Roberts delivers high-level expertise in North Carolina criminal law, offering strategic defense built on a foundation of more than 80 criminal jury trials taken to verdict and hundreds of bench trials. Client Review “I endorse this lawyer. Patrick is a great trial lawyer and a person who I go to for legal advice in my own practice. Patrick is dedicated to his clients and a master at criminal defense. I would not hesitate to hire him if I was in trouble and needed a lawyer.” - Verified Client Review via Avvo.com Peer Endorsement “I attended the Trial Lawyers College with Patrick. If I was facing serious criminal charges anywhere in North Carolina, he would be my first call.” - Verified Peer Endorsement via Avvo.com Disclaimer: The client reviews and peer endorsements featured on this website reflect actual comments provided by clients and legal professionals. This information is intended for general informational purposes only and does not constitute a guarantee, warranty, or prediction regarding the outcome of any future legal matter. Every legal case presents unique facts and circumstances that must be evaluated independently on its own merits. The testimonials displayed here do not represent all reviews or endorsements received by the firm. Evaluate Your State or Federal Meth Defense Facing a PWISD or methamphetamine trafficking charge in North Carolina involves strict statutory penalties, but an arrest is not a final conviction. Defense outcomes depend heavily on identifying constitutional and procedural vulnerabilities early in the judicial process. Whether through challenging the legality of the initial traffic stop or search warrant, disputing circumstantial evidence of intent, or contesting crime lab weight measurements, the State bears the burden of proving every legal element beyond a reasonable doubt. Because critical procedural deadlines—such as statutory windows to object to State Crime Laboratory reports—begin running shortly after formal charges are filed, early legal evaluation is essential to preserving your available defenses. Consult with Criminal Defense Attorney Patrick Roberts If you or a family member are facing methamphetamine charges in North Carolina, obtaining a direct, objective evaluation of your case facts is a critical first step. Patrick Roberts Law PLLC provides legal defense for high-exposure drug prosecutions across state and federal courts in North Carolina. Schedule a confidential consultation with Attorney Patrick Roberts to review the evidence, evaluate constitutional search-and-seizure issues, and discuss your legal options. Based in Wake County, Mr. Roberts serves clients in Raleigh, Cary, Apex, Holly Springs, Garner, and Fuquay-Varina, while also managing complex legal matters in every county across North Carolina. To maintain the quality of its defense and provide each client with individualized attention, the firm limits the number of cases it accepts at any given time. This article is general legal information about North Carolina law, not legal advice, and reading it does not create an attorney-client relationship. Every case turns on its own facts; for advice about your specific situation, consult a licensed North Carolina criminal defense attorney.